Association between urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites and the prevalence of respiratory disease in residents living near Pohang Industrial Complex

Abstract

Background: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are generated from the incomplete combustion of organic materials such as fossil fuels and wood. These compounds, often inhaled, cause respiratory issues like asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease due to oxidative stress and inflammation. Pohang, South Korea’s iron and steel hub, experiences significant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons emissions from extensive industrial activities and heavy truck movements. This study investigates the link between urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons metabolites and respiratory diseases among Pohang residents, considering their cumulative exposure and duration of residency.

Methods: Utilizing data from the National Environmental Research Institute’s health impact assessment conducted between 2012 and 2015, this study included 1,189 participants from Pohang. Urinary concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons metabolites served as exposure indicators. The study assessed the correlation between these metabolite levels and self-reported respiratory diseases, considering variables such as duration of residence, smoking status, and occupational exposures. Statistical analyses involved logistic regression and fixed-effect meta-analysis.

Results: The findings indicate a significant association between elevated levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons metabolites and an increased risk of respiratory diseases, particularly among those in the highest exposure quartile. The study also found a notable dose-response relationship, emphasizing the heightened risk with longer residency durations near the industrial complex. Despite yearly fluctuations, the trend suggests a persistent risk associated with high polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons exposure.

Conclusions: Elevated exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons near industrial areas such as the Pohang Industrial Complex is significantly associated with an increased prevalence of respiratory diseases. The study underscores the importance of implementing public health strategies to reduce polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons exposure, especially in industrial regions. Future research should broaden the scope of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons metabolites analyzed and consider comprehensive exposure histories to better understand the relationship between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons exposure and respiratory health outcomes.